Motivational Interviewing provides a foundation for assisting individuals with developing the rationale for beginning change in their lives. This resource provides basic information about the principles of communicating using motivational interviewing.
Motivational Interviewing: The Basics, OARS
(Adapted from handouts by David Rosengren and from Miller & Rollnick, Motivational Interviewing, 2nd Edition, 2002)
Motivational Interviewing is an “empathic, person-centred counselling approach that prepares people for change by helping them resolve ambivalence, enhance intrinsic motivation, and build confidence to change.” (Kraybill and Morrison, 2007)
Open questions, affirmation, reflective listening, and summary reflections (OARS) are the basic interaction techniques and skills that are used “early and often” in the motivational interviewing approach.
OARS: Open Questions
Open questions invite others to “tell their story” in their own words without leading them in a specific direction. Open questions should be used often in conversation but not exclusively. Of course, when asking open questions, you must be willing to listen to the person’s response.
Open questions are the opposite of closed questions. Closed questions typically elicit a limited response such as “yes” or “no.” The following examples contrast open vs. closed questions. Note how the topic is the same, but the responses will be very different:
- Did you have a good relationship with your parents?
- What can you tell me about your relationship with your parents?
More examples of open questions:
- How can I help you with ___?
- Help me understand ___?
- How would you like things to be different?
- What are the good things about ___ and what are the less good things about it?
- When would you be most likely to___?
- What do you think you will lose if you give up ___?
- What have you tried before to make a change?
- What do you want to do next?
OARS: Affirmations
Affirmations are statements and gestures that recognize client strengths and acknowledge behaviours that lead in the direction of positive change, no matter how big or small. Affirmations build confidence in one’s ability to change. To be effective, affirmations must be genuine and congruent.
Examples of affirming responses:
- I appreciate that you are willing to meet with me today.
- You are clearly a very resourceful person.
- You handled yourself really well in that situation.
- That’s a good suggestion.
- If I were in your shoes, I don’t know if I could have managed nearly so well.
- I’ve enjoyed talking with you today.
OARS: Reflective Listening
Reflective listening is a primary skill in outreach. It is the pathway for engaging others in relationships, building trust, and fostering motivation to change. Reflective listening appears easy, but it takes hard work and skill to do well. Sometimes the “skills” we use in working with clients do not exemplify reflective listening but instead serve as roadblocks to effective communication. Examples are misinterpreting what is said or assuming what a person needs.
It is vital to learn to think reflectively. This is a way of thinking that accompanies good reflective listening. It includes an interest in what the person has to say and respect for the person’s inner wisdom. Listening breakdowns occur in any of three places:
- Speaker does not say what is meant
- Listener does not hear correctly
- Listener gives a different interpretation to what the words mean
Reflective listening is meant to close the loop in communication to ensure breakdowns don’t occur. The listener’s voice turns down at the end of a reflective listening statement. This may feel presumptuous, yet it leads to clarification and greater exploration, whereas questions tend to interrupt the client’s flow. Some people find it helpful to use some
standard phrases:
- So you feel…
- It sounds like you…
- You’re wondering if…
There are three basic levels of reflective listening that may deepen or increase the intimacy and thereby change the affective tone of an interaction. In general, the depth should match the situation. Examples of the three levels include:
- Repeating or rephrasing: Listener repeats or substitutes synonyms or phrases, and stays close to what the speaker has said
- Paraphrasing: Listener makes a restatement in which the speaker’s meaning is inferred
- Reflection of feeling: Listener emphasizes emotional aspects of communication through feeling statements. This is the deepest form of listening.
Varying the levels of reflection is effective in listening. Also, at times there are benefits to over-stating or under-stating a reflection. An overstated reflection may cause a person to back away from their position or belief. An understated reflection may help a person to explore a deeper commitment to the position or belief.
OARS: Summaries
Summaries are special applications of reflective listening. They can be used throughout a conversation but are particularly helpful at transition points, for example, after the person has spoken about a particular topic, has recounted a personal experience, or when the encounter is nearing an end.
Summarizing helps to ensure that there is clear communication between the speaker and listener. Also, it can provide a stepping stone towards change.
Structure of Summaries
1) Begin with a statement indicating you are making a summary. For example:
- Let me see if I understand so far…
- Here is what I’ve heard. Tell me if I’ve missed anything.
2) Give special attention to Change Statements. These are statements made by the client that point towards a willingness to change. Miller and Rollnick (2002) have identified four types of change statements, all of which overlap significantly:
- Problem recognition: “My use has gotten a little out of hand at times.”
- Concern: “If I don’t stop, something bad is going to happen.”
- Intent to change: “I’m going to do something, I’m just not sure what it is yet.”
- Optimism: “I know I can get a handle on this problem.”
3) If the person expresses ambivalence, it is useful to include both sides in the summary statement. For example: “On the one hand…, on the other hand…”
4) It can be useful to include information in summary statements from other sources (e.g., your own clinical knowledge, research, courts, or family).
5) Be concise.
6) End with an invitation. For example:
- Did I miss anything?
- If that’s accurate, what other points are there to consider?
- Anything you want to add or correct?
7) Depending on the response of the client to your summary statement, it may lead naturally to planning for or taking concrete steps towards the change goal.